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跟葡萄牙人做生意需要注意什么

1. 葡萄牙經(jīng)濟(jì)概述

1974年，葡萄牙經(jīng)歷了“康乃馨革命（Revolu??o dos Cravos）”，隨后葡萄牙的海外殖民地逐一獨(dú)立。此后葡萄牙的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式也發(fā)生了巨大變化，從原來以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐苑?wù)業(yè)為主的現(xiàn)代化經(jīng)濟(jì)。2008年以來，葡萄牙受到國際金融危機(jī)影響，經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到重創(chuàng)，好在有“三駕馬車”等國際救助和內(nèi)部改革，在2014年有所好轉(zhuǎn)，不再需要救助。根據(jù)世界銀行發(fā)布的“經(jīng)商容易度”指標(biāo)（Ease of Doing Business），截至2018年3月25日，葡萄牙的“經(jīng)商容易度”指數(shù)排名世界第29，其中“跨境貿(mào)易”指標(biāo)排名世界第一，“合同執(zhí)行”和“破產(chǎn)處理”指標(biāo)分別排名世界第19和15。中國大陸的總排名為世界第78。

貝倫塔

2. 葡萄牙商務(wù)文化特點(diǎn)

葡萄牙人總體上相對保守，有種家長式的商務(wù)文化，自上而下等級森嚴(yán)。在葡萄牙，最穩(wěn)固的商業(yè)關(guān)系往往建立在個(gè)人信任之上，這導(dǎo)致裙帶主義盛行，很多人認(rèn)為“關(guān)系”就是優(yōu)勢，所以在葡萄牙做生意，跟葡國人維護(hù)好個(gè)人關(guān)系還挺重要的。

葡萄牙人重視商務(wù)禮節(jié)，剛認(rèn)識時(shí)，除非對方說只叫名字就行，否則最好用先生（Se?hor）/女士(Se?hora)稱呼。而對于級別較高的人士，葡萄牙的習(xí)慣做法是區(qū)別對待、特殊照顧。

商務(wù)會(huì)面最好提前預(yù)約，免得跟家庭假日或宗教假日（圣誕節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)等）安排相沖突。他們的工作時(shí)間大概是8:30-13:00,15:00-18:00，在工作日，上班族一般下了班就回家，到了周末才社交聚會(huì)。

企業(yè)做決定時(shí)，往往是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說了算，然后自上而下通知，下屬照著做。很多葡萄牙人英語還不錯(cuò)，特別是年青人，即使英語是商務(wù)語言，但是如果您要跟葡萄牙公司開會(huì)，最好把會(huì)議文件提前翻譯成葡語，開會(huì)談判，為了避免耽誤事，您也最好提前訂好口譯員陪同。如需葡語翻譯，請您提前“聯(lián)系我們”預(yù)約。商務(wù)會(huì)議著裝一定要非常正式，不能“稍微”正式或“差不多就行了”。

如果您準(zhǔn)備了小禮物，最好不要在商務(wù)會(huì)議上給，那樣可能不太合適。如果有人邀請您去家里，那么最好帶點(diǎn)小禮物，比如葡萄酒、糖果或者鮮花，但是鮮花不要送百合花或菊花，那是葬禮用的。注意：葡萄牙人認(rèn)為數(shù)字13代表運(yùn)氣不好，所以您的禮物別“整好”湊成13個(gè)。

3. 中國企業(yè)在葡萄牙面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇

從2017年上半年的數(shù)據(jù)上看，葡萄牙進(jìn)口的前三大類商品為機(jī)電產(chǎn)品、運(yùn)輸設(shè)備和礦產(chǎn)品，合計(jì)占葡萄牙進(jìn)口總額的42.4%。分別增長14.6%、5.4%和41.2%。另外，賤金屬及制品的進(jìn)口額增幅明顯，增長20.6%。中國是葡萄牙第6大進(jìn)口來源地，其中葡萄牙自中國的進(jìn)口商品主要為機(jī)電產(chǎn)品、紡織品及原料和賤金屬及制品，合計(jì)占葡萄牙自中國進(jìn)口商品總額的57.3%，這些產(chǎn)品在葡萄牙進(jìn)口市場中分別占有16.6%、5.9%和8.2%的份額。而家電、玩具、雜項(xiàng)制品進(jìn)口額占比5.9%，同比增長11.5%，活動(dòng)物、動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口額占比4.7%，同比增長24.7%。

中國企業(yè)在葡萄牙市場面臨多方挑戰(zhàn)，歐盟的企業(yè)在市場、文化、地理位置上都有優(yōu)勢，同時(shí)同為歐盟國家，商品沒有進(jìn)口稅。但是葡萄牙這個(gè)市場很重要，第一，葡萄牙是歐盟國家，2011年后葡萄牙開始大力吸引外資，這為中國商品進(jìn)入歐洲其他國家市場提供便利；第二，葡萄牙語是世界第六大語言，葡萄牙人口總數(shù)雖只有1千多萬，但算上葡萄牙前殖民地，葡語總?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)到近2億8千萬。其西南方向的巴西人口總數(shù)為2億多，東南方向的安哥拉近3千萬、莫桑比克2千6百多萬；第三，葡萄牙是距離美國、加拿大最近的歐盟國家。

4. 日常葡萄牙語

1. Bom dia/Boa tarde/Boa noite — Good morning/afternoon/night

2. Olá — Hello

3. Oi — Hi

4. Al?/Está lá — Hello (on the phone)

注意：前面巴西常用，后面葡萄牙常用。

5. Tchau — Bye

6. Até logo! — See you later!

7. Até amanh? — See you tomorrow

8. Adeus — Goodbye (formal)

9. Tudo bem? — How are you?

10. Como vai? — How’s it going?

11. Eu estou bem, e você/e tú? — I’m good, how are you?

注意：e você? 相當(dāng)于英語“and you?” ，在巴西常用。 E tú? 在葡萄牙常用, 但在巴西也有人這么說。

Nailing Your Etiquette

Good manners always make a positive impression. If you’re ever traveling to Brazil or Portugal, these terms will help prevent any cultural misunderstandings that might arise from basic etiquette:

12. Por favor — Please

In Brazil, por favor is also commonly used in the same way that “excuse me” is said in English when you’re trying to politely grab someone’s attention.

13. Com licen?a — Excuse me

14. Obrigado/Obrigada — Thank you

注意 obrigado 是陽性詞，因此由男性使用; obrigada 是陰性，女性使用。

15. De nada — You’re welcome

16. Desculpa/Desculpe — I’m sorry

Both are a variation of the same thing, though desculpe is slightly more formal.

17. Perd?o — Forgive me/pardon me

18. Prazer — Nice to meet you

19. O senhor/a senhora — Formal way of saying “you” when addressing a man (senhor) or a woman (senhora)

For example: O senhor/a senhora poderia me ajudar? — Would you be able to help me?

Getting Your Linguistic Bearings

There’s no shame in asking for help when you need it. In fact, it’s all part of the learning experience.

If you’re talking to a native Portuguese speaker, use these phrases to aid your comprehension:

20. (Você/O senhor/A senhora) Fala inglês? — Do you speak English?

In Portugal, just saying Fala inglês? will suffice. In Brazil, it’s more common to precede with você or, if appropriate, the more formal versions of “you.”

21. Alguém aqui fala inglês? — Does anyone here speak English?

22. N?o compreendo — I don’t understand

23. Eu compreendo — I understand

24. N?o entendi — I didn’t understand [what you said]

25. Entendi — I understood/I understand (the past in this sense is used as an affirmation)

26. Eu n?o sei — I don’t know

27. Como se diz… em Português? — How do you say … in Portuguese?

28. Fale mais devagar, por favor — Please speak more slowly

Out and About

Traveling to Brazil or Portugal? Then these questions will definitely help you along the way. This is by no means a comprehensive list, but it’ll help you get started:

29. Onde é o banheiro? — Where is the bathroom? (Brazilian Portuguese)

30. Onde fica a casa de banho? — Where is the bathroom? (European Portuguese)

31. Quanto custa? — How much does this cost?

32. Que horas s?o? — What time is it?

33. Que horas abre/fecha? — What time does this place open/close?

An alternative to this is: Que horas vocês abrem/fecham? — What time do you open/close?

34. Para onde vai esse trem/?nibus? — Where does this train/bus go?

35. Como chego ao (à)… — How do I get to…?

Grammar note: use ao for masculine nouns, à for feminine.

For instance: Como chego à esta??o de trem? — How do I get to the train station?; Como chego ao ponto de ?nibus? — How do I get to the bus stop?

36. Você pode me mostrar no mapa? — Could you show me on the map [where this is]?

Other Essentials

37. Qual é o seu nome? — What is your name?

38. Me chamo… — My name is…

An alternative to this is: Meu nome é…

39. Estou com saudades/Tenho saudades — I miss you (Brazilian/European Portuguese respectively)

40. Eu estou doente — I’m sick

5. 銘文致譯

如果您需要專業(yè)葡萄牙語翻譯，請您提前跟銘文致譯預(yù)定翻譯。無論是文件翻譯、會(huì)議翻譯、還是同聲傳譯、商務(wù)陪同翻譯，銘文致譯都力求以高質(zhì)量翻譯，贏得客戶認(rèn)可。
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